Western European Architecture Essays

Western European Architecture Essays Western European Architecture Essay Western European Architecture Essay This paper depends on the design of Medieval Period from 500AC 1400AD and its styles, for example, Byzantine, Early Christian, Romanesque and Gothic. In addition, the paper likewise covers certain models from South Florida and the celebrated structures remaining there. Albeit a great deal of time has gone since the medieval occasions, we can in any case observe a few structures that were worked in the medieval occasions. The vast majority of the houses that were worked during this time were for the most part those that had a place with the rich vendors. Be that as it may, in the vast majority of the spots the development done before has been supplanted as these structures have been remade and rebuilt. The apartments that were worked during this time were in part like their provincial partners and they were fundamentally structured because of the absence of room. This is on the grounds that, beforehand, land particularly in the towns was viewed as significant. The ordinary town plot in the medieval occasions was long and restricted and it ran once again from the front of the road. Highlights of the medieval apartments The houses that were arranged in the medieval occasions were essentially rectangular fit as a fiddle and they had a peak end or a wing that looked towards the road. The forward portion of the house that was on the ground floor was typically utilized to do exchange or used to be utilized as a shop. Behind the shop, used to be a lobby or the primary living zone and this was additionally stretched out to two additional accounts and at the rear of the house, used to be an including house or an office alongside stores and distribution centers also and an extra convenience on the upper floor for the most part over the various rooms. The kitchen was isolated from the primary house and it was a disengaged structure at the back close to the yard. The upper story bordered the road and it used to overhang the road and this gave more space to the upper story than the space at the ground floor, anyway there was a burden of this too in light of the fact that the overhanging of upper floors expanded the danger of fire spreading.[1] Lobbies, solars and privies The greater part of the houses were confined with lumber and had wattle dividers and the houses for the rich individuals were worked with stone dividers. The primary component of the houses in the medieval occasions was the corridors that were separated by screens that framed a way that drove from the wash rooms and a kitchen region. The lobby expanded the full tallness of the structure and the corridor was utilized as a general lounge by each and every individual who lived in the house. Protection was next to no and the relatives required a spot to keep warm and for recreational purposes. In the lobby, there used to be a blasting fire and its smoke used to escape through an opening that was available in the rooftop that was secured by louver. The chimneys and the stacks were additionally one of the significant highlights of the medieval occasions. The local chambers that were otherwise called solars and were utilized as dozing rooms and it was situated over the entry. On occasion, these were likewise fronted by a display that disregarded the lobby. In any event, during the medieval times, the lumber outlines were being utilized broadly. There were no legitimate sanitation offices in the medieval houses and the privies or garderobes were made in the thickness of the dividers of bigger apartments or as anticipating piers. Garderobes used to get released through funnels and canals into a pit and the bedpans were utilized in common homes. Furniture and fittings Very little furniture was utilized in the houses by the individuals who lived in the medieval occasions. The main furniture that used to be available in the houses was a table that used to be secured with a material fabric. Additionally, they had seats or structures, a seat, stools, chests, little organizers, racks lodging cups, containers, pewter, blades and spoons, bowls and plates. The individuals put away their food things in the little cabinets. The poor in the medieval occasions utilized palettes to rest on. These were packs that were loaded up with dried greeneries, surges or heather, anyway the individuals who were wealthy utilized wooden bedsteads to rest on and it was uncommon that the individuals had appropriate beds, window ornaments and hangings. nbsp; nbsp; Byzantine design This is the design of the Byzantine Empire and it developed as an unmistakable masterful and social substance and today, it is alluded as the Roman Empire after AD 330 and as of now the Roman Empire moved its capital from Rome to Byzantium. This realm that proceeded for in excess of a hundred years affected the Medieval and Renaissance period engineering in Europe however later in 1453, the catch of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks drove straightforwardly to the design of the Ottoman Empire. Early Christian Architecture This prospered from the third to the seventh century and it was created for the unsplited Christian church. During the Late Antique time frame, Roman workmanship and engineering reached out in the late second till the seventh century and the Byzantine craftsmanship and design existed from fifth till the seventh century. Christianity was made the state religion of the Roman Empire before the Edict of Milan. Be that as it may, the craftsmanship received by the Christians was confined as they simply used to improve the shrouded spots of love and the vast majority of this was gotten from Roman workmanship and was grown in like manner to suit the religion. The beliefs of flawlessness used to get dismissed by the craftsmen, rather they used to draw pictures that reflected profound importance. So as to visualize the Christian ideas, an iconography was additionally defined. To start with, the Christians just used to communicate their specialties as far as transmitting their confidence and conviction and not as a method of communicating magnificence. Later onwards, in the fourth century, the early Christian engineering thrived under the supreme sponsorship. There used to be primarily two kinds of structures. The longitudinal corridor basilica The incorporated structure a baptistery or a sepulcher. The outsides of Early Christian structures were plain and unadorned; anyway despite what might be expected, the insides were luxuriously embellished and had marble floors and divider chunks, frescoes, mosaics, metal works, hangings, and lavish special raised area goods in gold and silver. Early Christian lit up original copies are of an uncommonly high caliber, anyway these days such sort of engineering is seldom observed. Romanesque design This term was utilized to portray the design of Middle Ages Europe which developed into the Gothic style starting in the twelfth century and this terms implies â€Å"descended from Roman† and was utilized to depict the style from the mid nineteenth century, anyway there is no particular date that is there as a proof from which this kind of engineering appeared yet it went from the 6th century till the 10 century. Since the Imperial Roman engineering, the Romanesque design is known as the principal skillet European compositional style, in addition this style in England is generally named as Norman design. The Romanesque design essentially is a mix of the highlights found in the Western Roman and Byzantine structures, besides it used to have generous quality with thick dividers and round curves alongside solid docks, crotch vaults, huge towers and enlivening arcading. The Gothic structure followed the Romanesque design yet looking at the two, the structures of the Romanesque engineering had obviously characterized structures and they were standard dependent on a balanced arrangement. The general appearance of the structures was straightforward and could obviously be recognized all over Europe despite the fact that the material and the attributes in various pieces of Europe were unique and a ton of palaces have been accounted for to be worked during this period. Gothic Architecture It is as of now referenced in the past area that the Gothic design followed the Romanesque engineering. This prospered predominantly during the late medieval period and was prevailing by the Renaissance design. Gothic engineering began in the twelfth century and kept going till the sixteenth century and during this period the Gothic design was known as the French style. The fundamental characters of Gothic engineering incorporate the sharp curve, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress.[2] The vast majority of the individuals can perceive the Gothic design. This is on the grounds that the vast majority of the extraordinary houses of God, monasteries and ward chapels of Europe are manufactured utilizing the highlights of this. It likewise has numerous manors, royal residences, town corridors, organization lobbies, colleges, anyway the private homes were very little widely manufactured. The Gothic engineering was communicated most effectively in the houses of worship and basilicas and a portion of the metro structures also and its attributes regularly communicated the feelings. Numerous strict structures were worked during this period and the littlest structures are frequently separated from the other compositional plans. In any case, the bigger places of worship are viewed as significant show-stoppers. These structures are additionally recorded with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. The Gothic restorations started in the mid-eighteenth century beginning from England and it spread through nineteenth century in Europe that proceeded till the twentieth century and this was generally founded on the strict structure and the colleges. Models A portion of the renowned structures in South Florida are recorded beneath. Broward County Library (1980 to 1984). Dogtrot House (1800 to 1900). Healy Guest HouseRalph Twitchell (1948 to 1949). Pfeiffer Chapel (1938). Shotgun House (1800 s to 1900 s). Walker Guest House (1952).

New Journalism Free Essays

Is New Journalism an artistic kind? Break down regarding the artistic methods utilized in two instances of New Journalism. Word Count †2231 I guess the most well-known sense point where to begin is by characterizing New Journalism, or Literary Journalism, as Eisenhuth and McDonald (2007, p. 38) state it is called at the â€Å"upper end of the range. We will compose a custom exposition test on New Journalism or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now † The Collins Concise Dictionary (1999, p. 995) characterizes New Journalism as â€Å"a style of news coverage, utilizing strategies obtained from fiction to depict a circumstance of occasion as strikingly as could be expected under the circumstances. † Wikipedia (2010) characterizes it as â€Å"a style of 1960s and 1970s news composing and news coverage that utilized scholarly procedures regarded offbeat at that point. † The importance of New Journalism has advanced over the previous one hundred years or something like that and has as far as anyone knows been instituted by numerous an individual, including the supposed establishing father of New Journalism, Matthew Arnold (Roggenkamp, 2005, p. xii) The term, with importance to the above definitions, was systematized with its present significance by Tom Wolfe in his 1973 assortment of New Journalism articles, The New Journalism,â which included works by †most eminently †himself, Truman Capote, Hunter S. Thompson, Norman Mailer, and Joan Didion. Regarding the previously mentioned New Journalists, Tom Wolfe, in a 1972 New York Magazineâ article, stated, â€Å"I realize they never imagined that anything they would compose for papers or magazines would unleash such fiendishness ruin in the abstract world; causing alarm, ousting the novel as the main scholarly type, beginning the primary new bearing in American writing in 50 years. By the by, that is the thing that has occurred. † He proceeded to state that, â€Å"Bellow, Barth, Updike †even the best of the parcel, Philip Roth †the authors are for the most part out there stripping the scholarly chronicles and working it out, pondering where they currently stand. ‘Damn it all, Saul, the Huns have showed up. ‘† So, this commotion is the thing that asks a few inquiries that these authors wanted to be replied. Is New Journalism an artistic kind, just in light of the fact that it uses the instruments of fiction to give it shading? Is it a journalistic class? Is it a sort without anyone else? Envision reporting and writing both being a hover one next to the other; they remain solitary. They are pushed together when endeavoring to work out the spot of New Journalism in the realm of composing; how far do they cover? What's more, if, when they meet, there is an even cover, without a doubt that makes a particular sort? Some contend that, just as not being an abstract class, New Journalism isn't an independent type by any means. Murphy (1974, p. 15) says that, in his eyes, the principle charge leveled against New Journalism is â€Å"criticism against it as an unmistakable kind. † Truman Capote appears to differ with this and says, â€Å"It appears to me that most contemporary writers are excessively emotional. I needed to trade it, innovatively, for the regular target world we as a whole possess. Revealing can be made as fascinating as fiction, and done as creatively. † (Plimpton, 1967, p. 14) This proposes Capote accepts that New Journalism falls on neither side of the fence. Rather, New Journalism is tied in with taking news coverage with one hand, taking writing with the other, and pulling them both together. He needed to make writing progressively objective, as news-casting seems to be, and he needed to make news coverage increasingly imaginative, as writing may be. Conley (1998, p. ) noticed that, â€Å"Journalism and fiction are not generally referenced in a similar sentence except if in an unflattering sense, yet they share much for all intents and purpose. † Again, we are coordinated towards the two structures as isolated, however in part covered. Weiss (2004, p. 177) says that, â€Å"The pulls and pulls of truth versus fiction and memory versus creative mind are clea r inside the class of news-casting. † She proceeds to state that, â€Å"Journalism fragmented from early announcing and took on huge numbers of the properties of writing. There are numerous characteristics of scholarly news-casting which cover with fiction. Once more, this topic of intermingling is available in her contemplations. Weiss (2004, p. 179) poses a decent inquiry: â€Å"Has the obscuring of lines from true to life to fiction become exorbitant and confounding? † Roorbach (2001, p. 7) goes some route in noting this and states that â€Å"an over-emphasis on unquestionable precision has about a similar stifling impact on workmanship as an over-emphasis on congruity in style and subject. † So it follows that the best strategy while considering the spot of New Journalism is to gesture towards the bits of work that assume liability for both reality and fiction. Somerset Maugham (1938, p. 19) concurred that fiction and news-casting are characteristically connected and says, of news, that â€Å"it is crude material directly from the knacker’s yard and we are dumb on the off chance that we look with disdain upon it since it scents of blood and sweat. † These are the expressions of a scholarly incredible who feels that essayists must consider in their work. Accepting there was totally different class, Capote called his book, In Cold Blood,â a verifiable novel, which is a book that utilizes the shows of fiction to recount to a genuine story. The work is about the mass homicide of a Kansas cultivating family. In spite of the fact that the book was the pinnacle of Capote’s profession as an author, and was hailed as a universal achievement, it †alongside New Journalism in general †was intensely censured, because of realities being changed, scenes being included and exchange being made-up. This analysis can be viewed as a positive thing however, regarding characterizing New Journalism. By expressing that parts of his style of composing makes it neither news coverage, nor writing, the analysis makes another type for Capote’s work to sit, serenely, in. Curiously, Capote, alongside Mailer and numerous different creators, never consented to their style’s correlations with Wolfe’s school of portrayal. A lot despite what might be expected, a significant number of these scholars would deny that their work was conventionally applicable to other new Journalists at that point. In a 1966 Atlantic article, Dan Wakefield said that the true to life work of Capote raised answering to the degree of writing. Albeit commending crafted by Capote, this goes some path in saying that writing is superior to reporting. This is proof for what Capote said his faultfinders felt: â€Å"Combining writing and news coverage is minimal in excess of an abstract answer for exhausted authors. † (Plimpton, 1967, p. 16) Newfield (1967, p. 0) said that, â€Å"This new classification characterizes itself by guaranteeing huge numbers of the methods that were at one time the unchallenged territory of the writer: pressure, image, rhythm, incongruity, prosody, creative mind. † Gay Talese’s 1966 article for Esquire magazine, Frank Sinatra Has a Cold,â was a powerful bit of New Journali sm that gave an extremely nitty gritty picture of Frank Sinatra, while never having talked with him. Talese attempted immense measures of research, as did a large number of the New columnists, including Capote with In Cold Blood. In contrast to Capote, Talese didn't design realities of characters. His article is, hence, a case of New Journalism that falls under the class of a journalistic sort, instead of an unmistakable classification. In concurrence with the strategies for Talese and reproachful of those of Capote, essayist Barry Seigel, who heads up a writing and news coverage course at the University of California, says that he instructs of â€Å"nonfiction exposition that rises above the constraints of every day news-casting. † He in any case â€Å"rejects totally the thought of envisioning or in any case creating cites, concocting characters or obscuring various sources into composites. (Eisenhuth and McDonald, 2007, p. 41) If the point of most New Journalism is to compose soâ vividly and report in such exceptional blasts that a scene jumps from the page, Talese goes the other way. He gradually penetrates down through the commonplace underground truth of human presence to its â€Å"fictional† center. He said he needed â€Å"to bring out the anecdotal cur rent that streams between the truth. † Neither of these models, nor any of the statements gathered from look into, point towards New Journalism falling under the classification of an abstract sort. Clearly there will be those that don't wish to have it related with the word writing; they consider it to be an illegitimate kid. Hartsock (2000, p. 7) expresses that New Journalism â€Å"reflects an unpleasant, however not positive split among reporting and writing. † He noticed that a few analysts, for example, Lounsberry, who is subsidiary with English investigations, like to see it as an artistic class. Others, for example, Connery, who is subsidiary with news coverage, like to see it as a journalistic sort. He includes that, â€Å"there long has been an inclination against news coverage by English investigations. Eisenhuth and McDonald (2007, p. 49) state that a few columnists will in general consider the to be as ‘bunging it on a bit,’ yet the truth of the matter is that the idea of New Journalism is picking up acknowledgment, even in college English divisions, which have customarily hated the revealing milieu that has sustained such a large number of autho rs †any semblance of Ernest Hemingway and Graham Green; and in later occasions, writers turned genuine essayists and writers like Robert Drewe. † Drewe was the focal point of Conley’s 1998 article, Birth of a Novelist, Death of a Journalist. Drewe is Australia’s most unmistakable creator turned columnist. His first book, The Savage Crows, was well received,â although at the time with some amazement, â€Å"like here is a canine that can ride a bike and play

Highlights of UK Books Out in February

Highlights of UK Books Out in February February for the UK is packed with not only exciting fiction but also some really impressive non-fiction. Here is a round-up of the highlights of this month. Feel Free by Zadie Smith (Hamish Hamilton) This book is a tonic for our chaotic times. With dazzling wit, Zadie reflects on a kaleidoscopic range of topics from millennials social media obsession to Brexit, Jay Z to Knausgaard. Her trademark zeal and shrewdly nuanced perspective is evident in these essays which are highly relevant for our era. Feel Free is a pragmatic and thoroughly engaging read which incisively dissects pop culture, politics and contemporary society. The Adulterants by Joe Dunthorne (Hamish Hamilton) This is an entertaining tragicomedy about the trials and tribulations of urban life and modern relationships. Joe is a struggling freelance tech journalist trying to purchase a house for himself and his pregnant wife, whom he might have accidentally cheated on. Smartly written,  The Adulterants riffs on Londons housing crisis, competitively sensitive men and social media with wry insight. The Blinds by Adam Sternbergh (Faber Faber) If you are a fan of Lost or Coen brothers then this sleek 21st century noir is right up your alley. Its a Western set in a dusty town in rural Texas, the Blinds, which is populated by criminals who don’t know if they’ve perpetrated a crime or just witnessed one. Eerily resembling purgatory, this place is brought to life with a cast of eccentric characters and an intriguing mystery. Brimming with originality and suspense, this is a propulsive thriller. The Break by Katherena Vermette (Atlantic Books) This dazzling novel has already earned praise from writers like Margaret Atwood and Madeleine Thien. A layered family saga as well as an engrossing literary thriller, this debut tackles grave issues like colonial violence and cruelty against women with understated elegance. The Wicked Cometh by Laura Carlin (Hodder Stoughton) A captivating debut that brings the squalid and sinister Georgian London to life. This is the story of an orphan Hester White and the complex relationships she forges with people along her thrilling journey to find the truth. This dark, atmospheric novel will appeal to fans of vintage gothic    Ã  la Wilkie Collins and Sarah Waters. Eat Up by Ruby Tandoh (Serpents Tail) If you are a foodie of any sort than you need this book in you life. Eat Up is a celebration of food and is definitely one of the most fun books on the subject I have ever read. It does not adhere to the latest diet fads nor does it advocate clean eating but instead argues against the upsurge of wellness culture. Tandoh writes tantalizingly about why we love to eat and the different ways in which food enhance our lives. Interspersed between engaging chapters like why we find comfort in watching culinary shows like Master Chef and The Great British Bake-Off are an eclectic mix of recipes ranging from Toffee apple rock cakes and Vegan Chili to Hazelnut Porridge. Monsieur Ka by Vesna Goldsworthy (Chatto Windus) This debut from a Serbian born novelist is a haunting portrayal of love in exile. The story revolves around a young French woman married to a British army officer and the titular Monsieur Ka, an  old Russian émigré, whose life story she begins to write.The book is set in 1947 London and is an evocative and affecting tale for fans of literary fiction. Educated by Tara Westover (Hutchinson) Educated is a remarkably inspirational memoir about the transformative power of education and finding yourself. Tara Westover lived her life off-the-grid with her survivalist family and didn’t see the inside of a classroom until the age of seventeen. It is a heart-wrenching tale about the conflict between self-invention and fierce family loyalty. The Melody by Jim Crace (Picador) The latest novel from the prize winning author is the tale of Alfred Busi, famed in his town for his music and songs, who is mourning the recent death of his wife and quietly living out his days in the large villa he has always called home. At once a political novel about the way society treats its least fortunate and an intimate look at ageing and grief, this is an ambitious work of fiction. The Woman at 1,000 Degrees by Hallgrímur Helgason (Oneworld) Eighty-year-old Herra Björnsson lies alone in her garage waiting to die. As she looks back on her life, the reader is taken on a thrilling ride as we follow her life from Iceland to Germany and South America. With unsparing dark humor, this expansive historical novel is a tribute to human spirit.

Summary On Crimes And Punishments - 1139 Words

Ingrid Nin â€Å"Licentious†. â€Å"Ill-directed†. â€Å"Barbarity†. These are only some of the words used by Enlightenment philosophe, Cesare Beccaria, to describe the manner in which the Old Regime handled the criminal justice system in his book, On Crimes and Punishments. As a proponent for enlightenment thinking, Beccaria published the text to â€Å"diffuse the knowledge of†¦ philosophical truths† (), like many philosophes did during the Age of Reason. He believed that through this â€Å"rational beings† would rise up and allow the â€Å"irregularity of proceedings in criminal cases†¦ [that have been] so much neglected throughout Europe† () to be call upon and criticized. For example, how the criminal case of a regular citizen would be treated completely different compared to that of a noble, due to his status in society. Not only that, but he also wanted to bring attention to the inhumanity that were the punishments that came along with all convictions that went through the Old Regime, such as torture and the death penalty. Overall, Beccaria believed that as an enlightenment thinker, he had the responsibility to expose the Old Regime for the good of society as a whole, and his critiques not only had an impact on the Regime, but on modern day society as well. The Old Regime was split up into three groups: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners, who represented the majority of the population. According to Beccaria, â€Å"The laws†¦ are the only sum of the smallest portions of the private liberty ofShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Dostoevskys Crime And Punishment1398 Words   |  6 PagesIn Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment, there are many â€Å"illuminating instances† that present â€Å"casements,† displaying key openings that reveal deeper meanings embedded throughout the story. 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Fraud, Deceptions, and Downright Lies About In What Ways Do Students Compromise Academic Integrity Essay Samples Exposed

Fraud, Deceptions, and Downright Lies About In What Ways Do Students Compromise Academic Integrity Essay Samples Exposed This essay will analyze the value of integrity for the interest of the name of an individual, who's a professional graphic designer. This sort of culture fosters integrity. Possessing academic integrity indicates the willingness to take some time to work on something and do their finest. It is essential for a graphic designer to understand that, it's integrity that results in the decent things in life. IVe done some research on the subject of integrity to receive a form of fly on the wall perspective of how other individuals view integrity. Many significant steps are taken within the academy to accomplish a culture of academic integrity. If you're a person of integrity you are going to be able to entice many people and unique conditions, which conform to your personal values and beliefs. All differences and disagreements do not have to be negotiated. When it may create an agreement, compromise doesn't always resolve issues that contain underlying interpersonal or organizational conflict. Agreeing to a compromise will probably feel as a loss in the event the outcome has a negative influence on them or those they care about. It can be an effective method for managing conflict and differences but it is not always the best choice. in What Ways Do Students Compr omise Academic Integrity Essay Samples Explained The student may consider talking to the Office of Academic Integrity for more details. The initial one is on the ACT's website here. Lies You've Been Told About in What Ways Do Students Compromise Academic Integrity Essay Samples Today travel on the other side of the world in less than 24 hours is a true possibility for many folks. As an example, some students are always concerned with the notion of finishing the work and therefore end up not doing the correct thing. Our students want to observe where they're headed before they can learn the best route to their current and future practices. Many students do not make the most of the extra-curricular opportunities they're currently offered. They are not aware of academic dishonesty. Middle school students feel greater pressure to be dishonest because there's more emphasis on grades. A significant part any policy of Academic Integrity is a very clear communication of the pena lties related to each infraction. Integrity is difficult to explain but a huge part of it is controlled by the values that you decide to have in your life. Academic integrity is guided by different principles that are outlined in the upcoming sentences. Academic integrity cannot only relate to school, but in addition life. Therefore, academic honesty shouldn't be viewed as an exclusive duty of the students. Integrity of someone is assessed, whether the man or woman is being observed by other people or not. In that fashion, an individual who has integrity is thought of as one who has the capability to exercise honest in every portion of her or his life, and honest will be sure that the individual achieves success in life, that will result in happiness. Besides having the ability to attract only customers to your company, a person having a high awareness of integrity is equipped to draw the individuals and life situations, which are thought to be the greatest in the society. It's integrity which I am writing about. Asking students to reflect on their writing process is not just an excellent practice for them, but in addition might permit you a bit of insight into whether they actually wrote the paper. There's no better means of solving your writing problems than to pay a visit to our site. There are a number of ways to prevent the issue of academic dishonesty. Based on this issue and the degree of study of the essay, it's directed to a skilled writer to work on it. The issue is that the essays examples they obtain will likely be irrelevant to what they're doing. Sooner or later, students feel that it is crucial to find help when they need to compose essays. Most students find it challenging to write various forms of essays. New Questions About in What Ways Do Students Compromise Academic Integrity Essay Samples The list isn't exhaustive. No subject or topic is too tough for our professionals to manage. Not only does this make students aware of these policies, it can decrease student questions regarding assignment due dates and other details in the class. Few students believe that it is impossible, if there isn't enough knowledge in working with information. What to Expect From in What Ways Do Students Compromise Academic Integrity Essay Samples? A career isn't the only portion of an adult's life school needs to be sure they have interests and techniques that will aid them in their family members and leisure lives too. The liberal arts are vital to a high quality education since they teach students how to think critically about a wide variety of topics, thus preparing them to tackle any issue which may arise at work. Students who mean to cheat will discover a way, despite our very best efforts. It is far more beyond that, since there are still a score of individuals who, regardless of not having a level, actually succeeded and excelled in their chosen careers. The Honest to Goodness Truth on in What Ways Do Stud ents Compromise Academic Integrity Essay Samples As the administration continues to concentrate on this problem, I believe we'll continue to see excellent returns. Integrity looks like an unattainable trait by many and that's due to how it's so much simpler to get through life taking short cuts and lying.

Communication in the Virtual Workplace Free Essays

Wal-Mart is number one in the Retail Giant Corporation across United States of America, and is the leading retail store in fifteen other countries. Wal-Mart continues to seek new and innovated ways to reach its customers on a daily basis. The store believes its success has been base upon its customers and being able to reach them with the new technologies of this Modern Age. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication in the Virtual Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now The wave of the internet shopping has open just another door for customer that are unable to get out and shop are that are just too busy. Wal-Mart’s website is the Wal-Mart store but virtual and the website as well has lower prices that fits everyone’s budget. Wal-Mart has the slogan of rolling back prices with Smiley the Happy Face. The Wal-Mart motto is to save money and live better. The website carries an advantage over the store because a person of any age can navigate the website. Every customer can do his or her one-stop shopping from home, work or wherever there is a computer, and receive free delivery to the nearest store, let’s compare that to Target. Reflection of Wal-Mart Image and Values: Wal-Mart’s website is a great reflection on the company’s brand image. The store is a one-stop shop store and the company has designed the website as a direct duplicate of the store. In the store the customer can actually see an item unlike the website where the customer has to rely on a picture of the item. The website also carries an advantage over the store because a customer can do his or her one-stop shopping from home, work or wherever there is a computer, which is easy shopping during the holiday season. The website is worthy on the company because the website allows the customer to see what is in stock either online or at a store near the customer. Wal-Mart’s website offers their customers free shipping from website to a store near the customer unlike Target’s where the customer have to spend $50 to get free shipping. Navigation, Visitor Friendly: The website is as easy to navigate as a child learning to speak. The customer can find every department online as in the store. Wal-Mart’s focus came from its founder Sam Walton who was cheap and focused on lower prices everywhere and everyday. Mr. Walton made lower prices everyday his motto and that have been Wal-Mart’s message since 1962 and it is that very message that gives even low income families an opportunity to shop in the store and now online. Up To Date Information: The Wal-Mart web page is current and kept up-to-date with what is going on in stores around the country. The Wal-Mart motto is â€Å"Save Money, Live Better†, (Wal-Mart, 2007). A customer can utilize Wal-Mart’s website to his or her advantage by receiving better deals than the store. While analyzing the website there was one thing that stood out this was toys and video games. Wal-Mart knows the interest of its customers and understands some parent visits the stores and the website simply because of he need of new video games and toys. So Wal-Mart emphasizes video games and other toys on its website to attract children whom will alert the parents about new things. Wal-Mart then works the other angle and caters to the parents with things of interest. One of the best features about Wal-Mart’s website is the help link it offers. The help link will remain on the web page regardless of what page the customer is and it assist the customer at anytime. Evaluation of the graphic elements: The evaluation of the graphic elements of the Wal-Mart website is great. It is very eye catching for the customers like me who do not like to read. The picture’s Wal-Mart has takes you to whatever you want to look into buying. The website is designed very effectively because it assists the consumer with even purchasing the items. When a 72† plasma screen is all colorful and looking at you for a good price all you need to do is input your credit card number, address, and receive your confirmation number and within four to six weeks you will have a special delivery. Then you do not have to worry about leaving the comfort of your home and finding someone to assist you with the weight of a 72† plasma television. There are plenty of different links to help you make your final purchase and also they are in the right places at the right time. There is also a 1-800 telephone number at the bottom of some of the links to also help you with your purchase if you get a little confused or if you purchase too much when the total comes up and you may need to remove several items. Although the use of color and the multimedia is throughout the website, I do not believe it is too much. The color helps attract the customers who claim they are just looking and pulls them in to be regular customers online. Things about the website: Wal-Mart’s slogan is, â€Å"In everything we do, we’re driven by a common mission; and that is to save people money, so they can live better† (Wal-Mart, NA). That slogan is one of the many reasons why customers want to stay, rather than move on to another site. There are several reasons why customers are loyal and stay with Wal-Mart such as the straight forward facts that the customer could get news updates about Wal-Mart, the customer could download music, gift cards, and a whole lot more. The customer is able to access corporate information on Wal-Mart, employment opportunities, stock information, and the history of Wal-Mart on the website. To shop for a quality products for a low price, shop on Wal-Mart’s website! What draws the attention of the customer to the website the first time will allow the customer to return to the website many more times. â€Å"SAVE MONEY, LIVE BETTER† (Wal-Mart, NA). How to cite Communication in the Virtual Workplace, Papers

Western European Politics Europe Of Regions Essays -

Western European Politics: Europe Of Regions Western European Politics 17/03/00 Assess the arguments for and against a Europe of the regions A Europe of the Regions seems to be a phrase, which encourages the dissolution of states in favour of smaller regional identities. A region can be defined by four criteria: a region does not have a limited size; it displays homogeneity in terms of specific criteria; it may also be distinguished from bordering areas by a particular kind of association of related features; and it should possess some kind of internal cohesion. Since the passage of the Single European Act: the goal of economic and social cohesion has become a central part of the debate on the prospect for an impact of economic integration and monetary union on member states and regions in the European Community. The definition of cohesion, in the Single European Act, is the attenuation of the disparities between the well off regions and the least favoured ones. Some member states have shown more interest and have provided more freedom to regions than others. The importance and the autonomy of regions have been significantly increasing over the years. This implies that all regions in Europe are facing the need for adjustment and for instance they must develop their own response shaped by their social context. Therefore in response to the development of regional dimension of Community affairs, the Commission in 1988 decided to establish the Consultative Council of Regional Development. Because of the sudden significance of regions, many sub-national levels of government have formed direct lines of communication with decision-making in Brussels. There are definite positive assets in a Europe of regions. However there are also lots of disadvantages for some regions. In this essay, I will be discussing the arguments for and against a Europe of regions. There are a lot of positive aspects of a Europe of regions; here are some examples of such. All regions are looking for competitive advantage. The most important factor for the latter is innovation. Therefore regions and the European institutions are now working together with national government to promote regional growth. Indeed there is a strong need for adjustment because of the new global conditions: no regions have been totally immuned to the pressure of global competition. The increase in globalisation of markets has changed the environment of the European companies, making them face intensive price, time and quality competition abroad but also at home. To stay competitive regions have to innovate. This concept is used in connection with the analysis of processes of technological change. Once can state three different stages in technological change: invention, innovation and diffusion. Invention is defined as the stage of production of new knowledge; innovation as the first application of the existing knowledge to production; and diffusion as the broadening use of new technologies. An innovation system is therefore a social system. For instance they are the results of social interactions between economic actors. Hence it is an open system, which interacts with its environment. It is technological progress, which initiates the process of economic growth. Technological progress usually reflects an improvement in the quality of capital goods and the efficiency with which inputs are combined. Technological advance includes not merely new production techniques but also new managerial methods and new forms of business organisation. It is generally linked with the discovery of new knowledge, which permits firms to combine a specific amount of resources in new ways to achieve a greater output. It is also important to mention that technological advance and capital formation are closely related; technological advance often requires investment in new machinery and equipment. The European Commission seeks to maximize the innovation potential of firms in its leading technology: the general move towards reflexivity and indigenous growth on the regional level has been further accelerated by the process of the European integration since the mid-1980s. The 1988 reform of the Structural Funds helped the less developed regions of the Community by providing them new stimulus and additional support. While by the Single Act and the 1992 programme regulatory competition for direct investment was increased and incentives for interregional co-operation was provided for the better off regions. The new structural funds aim not only for

The Human respiratory cardiac systems and how each of these parts affect ventilation The WritePass Journal

The Human respiratory cardiac systems and how each of these parts affect ventilation References The Human respiratory cardiac systems and how each of these parts affect ventilation IntroductionA)  Respiratory System1)  Ã‚  Name the parts of the body that make up the respiratory system. Describe each of these parts and the role they play in ventilationNasal PassageEpiglottisPharynxLarynxTracheaBronchiBronchiolesAlveloi2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Explain how the cells of the alveoli have become specialised  3)  Ã‚  Evaluate whether effective gaseous exchange has been achieved in humans4)  Ã‚  Explain the role of the nervous system in controlling breathing  B)  BLOOD1)  Ã‚  Name 5 components of blood plasma and describe their functions  2)  How does the unusual shape of the red blood cell improve its function?  3)  Ã‚  How is oxygen transported around the body?4)  Ã‚  How is carbon dioxide transported around the body?  5)   A group of muscle cells are respiring faster than usual as they work harder. Explain what affect this will have on the ability of the blood to carry oxygen and why?C) Circulatory System1)   Compare the structure of a capillary , vein and an artery and explain why their structures allow them to carry out their specific functions.2)  Ã‚  Compare the structure of the atria and the ventricles in the heart.3)  Describe the four stages that make up on single heartbeat   4)  If the Sino atrial node is stimulated it triggers a wave of contractions through the heart. How does that process ensure that the atria contract together and ventricles contract from the bottom upwards?5)  Ã‚  An athlete is training for a big competition  ReferencesRelated Introduction A)  Respiratory System 1)  Ã‚  Name the parts of the body that make up the respiratory system. Describe each of these parts and the role they play in ventilation Nasal Passage This is the route that air enters the body. It is structured as a cavity and is divided by a septum, the posterior section is a perpendicular plate of bone and the anterior is a piece of cartilage which separates each nostril. The roof of the nasal cavity is structured of bone. The floor of the nasal cavity is formed from the roof of the mouth, a hard palate at the front and a soft palate behind which consist of involuntary muscle. The nose is lined with ciliated columnar epithelium, a mucous covered membrane which contains mucous secreting cells which trap particles of dust and dirt.   The cilia move the mucous along towards the throat. The hairs at the front of the nostrils trap large particles and smaller particles of dust and bacteria settle in the mucous before being moved along. The mucous provides a protective role to the underlying epithelium preventing it from drying out. The projecting conchae, which is divided into three passages the inferior, middle and superior cavities increases the surface area and spreads the area across the whole of the surface of the nasal cavity. This large surface area provides maximum efficiency to warming and filtering of the air. The warming of the air is due to the large amount of blood vessels of the mucosa. As the air travels it passes the mucosa which is moist and it here becomes saturated with water vapour. Epiglottis This is flap of cartilage a leaf shaped structure which is fibro elastic cartilage attached to the thyroid cartilage. It is covered in stratified squamous epithelium which swings across the entrance of the larynx. Providing and opening a closing mechanism. The structure is purposeful as it ensures that whilst swallowing the flap stops food and drink from entering the trachea. Pharynx The pharynx is a tube which is around 12 cm long. It is positioned behind the mouth nose and the pharynx. Air passes through the larynx through the nasal and oral sections and food only passes through laryngeal sections. The pharynx is lined in mucous membrane, ciliated columnar epithelium in the nasopharynx. In other regions of the pharynx it is lined with stratified squamous epithelium to protect underlying tissues. The pharynx has a layer of tissue called sub-mucosa as well as a layer of smooth muscle which help to keep the pharynx open so that breathing is not stopped from happening.   The air is warmed by the pharynx as alike the nasal cavity Larynx Is made up of several cartilages. These cartilages are all attached to one another by ligaments and various membranes. The thyroid cartilage is the basis of majority of the anterior and posterior walls of the larynx. The epiglottis is attached to the thyroid cartilage. During swallowing the larynx moves upwards and blocks the opening of it from the pharynx. This is where the epiglottis covers the larynx. The larynx provides the link from the pharynx to the trachea. The larynx continues to warm and filter air that passes through. Trachea Is a muscular tube approximately 2-2.5 cm wide. It is made up of three layers of tissue and is held open by with C shaped rings of muscle cartilage. There is soft tissue in between the cartilage which allows flexibility allowing for swallowing. The trachea is lined with ciliated columnar epithelial cells containing goblet cells and mucous glands which cleanse the air and the mucous traps any dust in the inspired air. The cilia of the mucous membrane waft the particles upwards towards the larynx so that they are swallowed or coughed out of the body.   The thin walled blood vessels warm the air as it is contact with a warm surface. The zeros glands moisten the air as it passes. The trachea divides into two to form the bronchi. Bronchi The bronchus is a muscular tube which branches into each lung. It forms the branches of the air duct system.   The bronchus is smaller in diameter than the trachea. The right bronchus is wider but shorter than the left bronchi and is approximately 2.5cm long. The left bronchus is approx. 5 cm long and is narrower than the right. The bronchial walls are lined with ciliated columnar epithelium. The role of the bronchus is to regulate both volume and speed of air into and within the lungs. This is controlled by the parasympathetic nerve supply causing constriction and the sympathetic nerve supply causing dilation. The bronchus also continues to humidify and warm air as well as the removal of particles and foreign bodies. The right bronchus divides into three branches to each lobe before dividing into bronchioles. The left bronchus divides into two branches to each lobe, and then divides into the bronchioles. The smooth muscle allows the diameter of the airways to increase or decrease due to the nerve supply regulation. The bronchi divide, and their structure changes to match their function. The cartilage rings are present however as the airways divide the rings become smaller. The epithelial lining of the bronchus decreases and is replaced with non-ciliated epithelium. Bronchioles Branch off the bronchi, into smaller diameter tubes. They are made up of smooth muscle to ease contraction, and this changes the diameter of the lumen.   Each lobule is supplied with air by a terminal bronchiole. The mucous membrane changes from ciliated columnar epithelium to ciliated simple columnar epithelium with some goblet cells in the larger bronchioles to, no goblet cells and only simple cuboidal epithelium in smaller bronchioles, to non-ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium in the terminal bronchioles. Where there are no cilia present any inhaled particles are removed by macrophages. The air is conducted and contraction occurs to alter smaller tubes to vary the inflow to and from the respiratory system beyond. The bronchioles branch further to alveolar ducts. Alveloi There are thousands (approx. 30 million in adult lungs) of these tiny air sacs in the lungs. The alveoli surround the alveolar ducts. Alveolar ducts are smooth muscular tubes containing alveolar macrophages that engulf foreign matter and end in the alveoli. There are two types of alveolar cells, type I are one cell thick are lined with simple squamous epithelial cells which line and cover the structure. Alveolar type II are also referred to as septal cells. And are placed between type I alveolar cells. Each alveolar sac consists of two alveoli. Type I alveolar cells are where gas exchange takes place. The type II cells contain microvilli which ensure the surfaces between cells are moist. The vast surface area of the alveoli provides an ideal environment for diffusion to occur rapidly through the walls of alveoli and the blood. As well as being one cell tick means that the diffusion is able to take place at great speed as they only have once layer equalling a smaller distance to diffuse through. Over 80% of the surface area of the alveoli is covered in capillaries which allow the haemoglobin in the red blood cells to pick up and drop off oxygen and carbon dioxide effectively. CO2 diffuses out as the O2 is picked up in the red blood cells. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Explain how the cells of the alveoli have become specialised   The alveoli contain two types of specialised cells as well as alveolar macrophages. The alveoli are a group of epithelial cells that make up a tissue and carry out specific, specialised roles within the respiratory system and without them gas exchange would not be able to take place. Type I alveolar cells are flat squamous epithelial cells and form the alveolar wall. Gas exchange takes place through the cell membranes and cytoplasm of the alveolar wall. Alveolar type I cells cover 95%% of the alveolar surface. Type II alveolar cells are cuboidal septal cells. They are mixed about with the Type I cells and are the remaining 5% of the surface of the alveoli. These cells secrete a phospholipid substance called surfactant, a fluid which coats the inner surface of the alveoli and keep them moist whilst controlling fluid levels. This reduces the surface tension of the pulmonary fluids and allows gas exchange to take place, and prevents the collapse of the air ways. Alveolar Macrophages Kill bacteria and trap particles. These cells can also transport indigestible substances to the lymph nodes of the lungs to then be exhaled or coughed out of the body. 3)  Ã‚  Evaluate whether effective gaseous exchange has been achieved in humans The large surface area of the alveoli provides the optimum area for gas exchange to take place. The thin epithelium layer separating the air in the alveoli from the blood in the capillaries provides a short travelling distance for the diffusion of gases to take place. The blood in the capillaries lining the alveoli are removing oxygen all of the time. The oxygen concentration is kept low therefore the steep concentration gradient is maintained. The relationship of diffusion is described by: Fick’s law: Rate = surface area x difference in concentration Thickness For diffusion to be efficient the surface area and concentration difference should be as high as possible and the length and thickness of the pathway as low as possible. The thinner the membrane, the faster the diffusion. In the human body an effective gaseous exchange process has been achieved as the concentration difference is maintained as the blood is continually pumped around the body, therefore the blood passing through the capillaries are picking up oxygen from the alveoli and living behind carbon dioxide. The surface area of the alveoli being thin and vast allows the oxygen to pass through at speed. 4)  Ã‚  Explain the role of the nervous system in controlling breathing   Overall control of the respiratory system is by the respiratory centre in the brain which is involuntary. The respiratory muscles require on-going neutral stimuli to function. The muscles contract, changing the size of the thorax, which increases the volume inside the thoracic cavity. This reduces air pressure and the air rushes into the lungs. This stimulates the stretch receptors in the walls of the bronchus. The messages are then returned to the brain by the vagus nerve. This is due to the nerve impulses being transmitted from the respiratory centre, a cluster of neurons in the brain (medulla oblongata and the pons of the brain stem).   When these impulses reach the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles they contract in inhalation takes place. When there are no nerve impulses the muscles relax for a short resting period and the cycle then repeats. When the lungs are fully inflated due to inspiration the pause in the signal causes the lungs to deflate and expiration takes place. There are chemoreceptors which are responsible for detecting changes and they are present in the wall of the aorta, the carotid bodies and the medulla oblongata. The central chemoreceptors which are present in the medulla oblongata detect rises of carbon dioxide and stimulate the respiratory centre, increasing the ventilation of the lungs and reducing the arterial partial pressure of co2. The chemoreceptors respond to changes in the partial pressure in oxygen and the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. The activity of the respiratory centre is adjusted by the nerves in the pons in response to input from other parts of the brain. The inspiration neurons set the rate and the depth of breathing. The axons of the sensory neurons from the aortic bodies are part of the vagus nerve. The peripheral chemoreceptors are conveyed by the vagus nerve to the medulla and stimulate the respiratory centre, the rate and depth of breathing are then increased and the increase in blood pH level stimula tes the peripheral chemoreceptors increasing ventilation, in turn increases carbon dioxide causing an increase in the blood pH levels. B)  BLOOD 1)  Ã‚  Name 5 components of blood plasma and describe their functions   Different sections of plasma contain a different composition. Plasma is made up of 90% water and 10 % dry matter. Plasma is made up of around 7% of plasma proteins. Which are responsible for the osmotic pressure of blood? If the plasma proteins fall the osmotic pressure will be reduced and the fluid will move into the tissues. The thickness of plasma is also due to the plasma proteins such as albumin and fibrinogen. Albumin- provides the osmotic balance and pressure. The albumins are carriers for free fatty acids. Globulins- have several roles in the plasma. They act as immunoglobulins which are complex proteins. They neutralise antigens by binding to them. They also transport some hormones and mineral salts as well as providing inhabitation of some enzymes. Salts- assist in the osmotic balance and the conduction of nerve impulses. Assist With blood clotting as well as transporting CO2. Electrolytes- Have various roles within the plasma including the transmission of nerve impulses as well as muscle contraction and the maintenance of maintaining the pH level of blood. Gases- Are transported around the body in the plasma as dissolved substances. Most of the carbon dioxide in the body is transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma. Hormones- Hormones pass into the blood directly from the endocrine cells. The blood transports them to the area of the body where they are required for cellular activity. Heat in the plasma is to maintain static core body temperature. Oxygen in the plasma is required for the aerobic respiration in the cells and Waste products such as urea serve no purpose as they are the waste products of protein metabolism. Urea is transported in the blood to the kidneys to be excreted. 2)  How does the unusual shape of the red blood cell improve its function?   Red blood cells are approx. 7 micrometres in diameter they have no nucleus and no intracellular organelles meaning there is more room for haemoglobin to be present in the red blood cell rather than in solution, which is responsible for gas exchange.   The bio concave disc shape of the red blood cell raises the surface and cytoplasmic volume ratio. Allowing vast volume and a large surface area provides the ideal environment for diffusion of gaseous exchange. The red blood cells are packed with chemicals and enzymes which allow haemoglobin to carry oxygen effectively. The biconcave discs, the thinness of their central area allows unloading and loading of oxygen easier. The selectively permeable membrane makes them flexible and smooth allowing them to squeeze through capillaries making gaseous exchange more efficient. All of the haemoglobin that cells contain is close to the surface which is also a contributing factor for exchange of gases being able to take place with ease as this lessens the distance to be travelled. The red blood cells respire aerobically so they do not use of the oxygen that they are carrying. Antigens on the surface of the red blood cells enabling the blood type to be defined. 3)  Ã‚  How is oxygen transported around the body? Oxygen is carried around the body in two ways, 98% in the red blood cells, 2% dissolved in the blood plasma. Once air is breathed in, it enters the lungs via the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and into the alveoli.   The oxygen is diffused into the red blood cells through the walls of the alveoli and the oxygen combines with the haemoglobin in the red blood cells and is transported through the capillaries. The alveoli contain high levels of oxygen therefore diffuses into the blood cells which are low in oxygen as it is deoxygenated blood from the lungs and the concentration difference can be maintained as blood is continually pumped around the body, therefore fresh blood is passing through the capillaries picking up oxygen from the alveoli. Once a red blood cell has picked up the oxygen the enzyme carbonic acid makes Hb molecule less stable which makes them release the oxygen molecules. The oxygen can then diffuse into the cells where it is required. The haemoglobin present in the red blood cells is made up of 4 peptide chains, each of which contains one haem group.   The polypeptide chains hold the haem group in place and help to upload oxygen. Each haem group combines with one oxygen molecule.   The haemoglobin binds to the oxygen and releases it when the concentration falls. When all four of the oxygen binding sites are full, the haemoglobin molecule is described as saturated. When the first molecule of oxygen binds to the haemoglobin in the red blood cells it changes the shape of the haemoglobin making it easier for the rest of the molecules to bind. The pressure from the dissolved oxygen in the plasma helps the oxygen at its binding site. Haemoglobin binds reversibly to oxygen and forms oxyhaemoglobin. The oxygen is bound loosely to the haemoglobin and so when the oxygen is required it can be released with speed. When there is a low pH level in places such as exercising muscles the oxyhaemoglobin breaks down providing the additional oxygen for use by the tissues. When no oxygen is present, none of the haem will be carrying oxygen. When partial pressure of oxygen is at its highest this is when the haem is saturated with oxygen. When the blood flows through the capillaries in the lungs the haem is converted into haemoglobin at speed to supply the respiring tissues. OXYHAEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE Image ref: zuniv.net/physiology/book/chapter15.html The ability of haemoglobin to transport oxygen is affected by the amount of carbon dioxide present. The lungs have a high partial pressure of O2 and a low partial pressure of CO2 In the lungs the more CO2, the oxygen dissociation curve is moved to the right this is known as the BOHR shift. This is due CO2 being removed from the body, here in the lungs. The tissues are low in partial pressure of oxygen and are high in partial pressure of CO2 as the CO2 is being produced as a result of respiration; this is why the RBC needs to deliver more oxygen to the respiring tissues. 4)  Ã‚  How is carbon dioxide transported around the body?   Carbon dioxide travels in the red blood cells and in blood plasma.   The largest fraction 23% of Carbon dioxide travels in the red blood cells as carbaminohaemoglobin (CO2-H6) It binds with the amino groups of amino acids and proteins, by binding to the peptide chains of the plasma proteins in the blood to form carbamino compounds. 70% travels as bicarbonate ions in the plasma (HCO-3) 7% of carbon dioxide is dissolved in blood plasma as CO3 which is a bicarbonate ion. The CO2 binds to haemoglobin and creates Hb-Co2, carbamino haemoglobin, by binding to the polypeptide chains of the haemoglobin molecule. Carbon dioxide is much more soluble in the blood than oxygen is, and there is 4ml of CO2 to every 100 ml of blood. Carbon dioxide enters the red blood cells and combines with hydrogen and forms carbonic acid. The carbonic acid splits into a hydrogen ion (H+) and a bicarbonate ion (HCO3) the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells speeds up the process. The hydrogen ions formed from the dissociated carbonic acid then combines with the haemoglobin in the red blood cells and this makes the haemoglobin less stable in the red blood cell and it causes it to release oxygen.   The carbonic acid is then broken down into CO2 and water and the HC03 in the red blood cell diffuses out into the blood plasma. Once the gathered hydrogen carbonate ions diffuse out into the plasma, this gives the red blood cell a positive charge. Chloride ions (cl-) present in the blood plasma diffuse into the red blood cells from the plasma to maintain a neutral charge; this is known as the chloride shift. The hydrogen ions are taken up by buffers in the plasma and the haemoglobin acts as a buffer in the red blood cell s. The lifecycle of the carbon dioxide molecule is to diffuse from respiring tissues through the capillary walls and plasma into the red blood cells to then be diffused into the alveoli to be exhaled. Carbon dioxide levels vary in proportion to how much the body is being exerted. The harder a person exercise the greater the level of carbon dioxide that will be present. *The diagram above represents my interpretation of the life cycle of carbon dioxide molecule within tissues, plasma and red blood cells               Ã‚  Ã‚                                                                                                            5)   A group of muscle cells are respiring faster than usual as they work harder. Explain what affect this will have on the ability of the blood to carry oxygen and why? During exercise, CO2 diffuses from the respiring cells in the tissues into the red blood cells. Oxygen is required to make ATP, and carbon dioxide is produced as a bi-product of this. As the energy is made the cells in the muscle tissues have a higher concentration of CO2. This CO2 then makes the haemoglobin less stable and it releases more oxygen known as the Bohr Effect. As the muscles are working harder they are respiring faster increasing the requirement of oxygen supply and the concentration of oxygen will be low. During exercise muscles are working harder and respiring faster, and therefore require more oxygen. More oxygen is removed from the red blood cells to supply the muscle tissues, therefore creating a decrease in the oxygen concentration levels and partial pressure.   ‘’Henry’s law states that the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility’’ (Tortora Dickenson p897). The blood flow through the capillaries increase, forcing the lumen of the veins to expand so that the volume of blood can enter the heart faster, as due to exercise the heart rate will also increase and will be pumping blood at a faster rate than that of at rest. The oxygen will diffuse from an area of high concentration in this case the alveoli to an area of low concentration, during exercise this will be in the respiring tissues. During exercise the blood flow will be focused on supplying the muscles that require the oxygen rather than other areas of the body. Exhalation takes place when the body is forcefully breathing such as during exercise. The myoglobin in mammalian muscles can pick up oxygen from the haemoglobin and store it until it is needed. The respiring cells in the tissues needed oxygen to make the ATP. The ability of the haemoglobin to transport oxygen is affected by the amount of carbon dioxide present. The tissues have a low partial pressure of oxygen, and high partial pressure levels of carbon dioxide as this is where the carbon dioxide is being produced as a result of respiration. C) Circulatory System 1)   Compare the structure of a capillary, vein and an artery and explain why their structures allow them to carry out their specific functions. Arteries vary in size; they have three layers of tissue. Tunica adventitia which is the outer layer of fibrous tissue, Tunic Media which is the middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue and Tunica intima which is the inner lining of squamous epithelium called endothelium. This allows the vessel walls to stretch, absorbing pressure which is generated by the heart. As the arteries branch they become smaller, so in the arterioles (the smallest artery) the tunica media is mainly made up of smooth muscle. This enables the diameter to be controlled and regulates the pressure of the blood. Arteries in comparison to veins have thicker walls so that they can handle the high pressure of the arteriole blood. The sympathetic fibres of the autonomic nervous system kick start the smooth muscle of the blood vessels which increases and stimulates the smooth muscle to contract. This squeezing narrows the vessel wall and narrowing the lumen which is known as vasoconstriction. When the sympathetic stimulation decreases the smooth muscles relax, the lumen increases in diameter and this is known as vasodilation. The elastic arteries are the biggest in the body; they propel blood onwards whilst the ventricles relax. The walls stretch as blood as passed from the heart into the elastic arteries and they can house the surge of blood. They take the blood away from the heart. In comparison to the veins which return the blood to the heart, therefore have thin walls. They do have the same three layers of tissue that the arteries have, however being thinner they have less muscle and elastic tissue in the tunica media as the veins carry blood at a low pressure. Some vein having valves which prevents a backflow of blood, ensuring the blood is directed to the heart. Within the tunica media of the heart is a fold which is strengthened by connective tissue. The veins have a large capacity to hold blood, if there is a haemorrhage this give the veins the opportunity to recoil and can help to stop a sudden fall in blood pressure. The smooth muscle which is present in both the veins and the arteries of the tunica media is supplied by the nerves of the autonomic nervous system in the medulla oblongata. These nerves pass signals to change the diameter of the lumen, and this controls the amount of blood they can contain. Muscular arteries distribute blood to the organs, the tunica media is thicker than the tunica media in other types of arteries as they need to contract and maintain the partial contraction and vascular tone. This can stiffen the vessel wall. This ensures the pressure is maintained and efficient blood flow ensues. Arterioles being the smallest arteries regulate the blood flow from the arteries into the capillaries by regulating resistance. The diameter is smaller and so the friction is greater creating more resistance, and this maintains the correct level and pressure of blood flow. Capillaries vary in diameter. Capillaries are approx. 5-10um, post capillary venules are (10-50um) and muscular venules are 50-200 um. In comparison to veins which are 0.5um – 3cm) the smallest arteries (arterioles are 15-30um in size. The tunica interna in the elastic arteries are well defined elastic lamina within the elastic arteries and the muscular arteries, however in the arterioles are thin. In the capillaries, and post capillary venules there us just an endothelium and basement membrane. This is suited to their function for exchanges of products, as the short distance provides an optimum environment for diffusion. Within the veins there is endothelium and basement membrane with no internal elastic lamina, they do however contain valves, and the lumen is larger than that of arteries. Blood pressure is at its highest in the large arteries and the blood pressure decreases as it passes through the smaller arterioles and into the capillaries. The capillaries having the largest surface area, being thin and permeable allowing for fast diffusion and exchange of products. The tunica media in the arteries is a thick layer, mainly made of smooth muscle this sis to withstand the pulses of blood at a high pressure. The smooth muscle in the arterioles provides a pre capillary sphincter.   This is in contrast to the capillaries which do not have a tunica media layer. The veins have no elastic lamina and carry slower flowing blood at low pressure compared to both the capillaries and the arteries. The Tunica externa varies in the arteries, in the elastic arteries the tunica externa is thinner than the tunica media and in the muscular arteries it is thicker than the tunica media. In the arterioles this is a loose connective tissue layer made up of sympathetic nerves. The capillaries do not have this layer, as their role is to be permeable to exchange materials between blood and nearby cells. Within the veins this layer is the thickest of the three layers. The elastic arteries are composed to conduct blood to the heart and the muscular arteries. The muscular arteries distribute blood to the arterioles and the arterioles in turn supply and regulate blood flow to the capillaries. The capillaries are thin and leaky as they have the role of allowing the exchange of products as mentioned above. They also distribute blood to the post capillary venules which pass blood to the muscular venules. This is where the exchange of nutrients, waste and interstitial fluid takes place. The muscular venules pass blood to the veins and accumulate large volumes of blood. The veins return the blood to the heart and to the veins in the limbs. Therefore the capillary although having a vast surface area, is the thinnest in comparison to veins and arteries which both have the same tissue layers. The arteries and the veins have varying degrees of thickness of these tissues to allow their role to be performed effectively. 2)  Ã‚  Compare the structure of the atria and the ventricles in the heart. The heart has four chambers; the two superior chambers are the atria. They are the receiving chambers of the heart. The two inferior chambers are the ventricles. They are the pumping section of the heart. The atria are a pouch like structure called an auricle and they increase the capacity of the atrium so that it can hold a greater volume of blood. The right atrium receives blood from the three veins, the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus. The right atrium forms the right border of the heart, the blood passes from the right atrium to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. The cusps of the tricuspid valves are connected to tendon like cords Chordae tendinae which are connected to cone shaped trabeculae called papillary muscles. The coronary sulcus is the boundary between the atria and the ventricles. In between the right and left atria is a partition called interatrial septum. The interventricular septum divides the right and left ventricles. The right ventricle is 4-5mm in thickness and forms most of the anterior surface of the heart. Inside the right ventricle is a series of ridges formed by raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibres called vabeule carnae. The right atria in comparison are 2-3mm in thickness and have a smooth posterior wall and a rough anterior wall which is formed by muscular ridges called pectinate muscles. The left atria and the right atria form the base of the heart; they receive blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins. The left atria allow blood flow to the left ventricle through the mitral valve. The atrium have   thin walls as they deliver blood at a lower pressure in comparison to the ventricles which pump blood at a high pressure and through a greater distance and therefore have thicker walls to withstand the pressure. The left ventricle is the thickest chamber of the heart and is approx. 10-15mm. It forms the apex of the heart. Alike the right ventricle is contains trabeculae carnae and has chordae tendinae. The blood passes from the left ventricle to the aortic valve. The right ventricle has a smaller workload and pumps blood a shorter distance to the lungs at a lower pressure. The right and left ventricles are two separate pumps, which simultaneously eject equal volumes of blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. However the left ventricle pumps blood a longer distance and so the flow is larger, and needs to maintain the same rate of blood flow as that of the right ventricle, this is why the muscular wall is thicker in the left ventricle. The perimeter of the lumen space of the left ventricle is circular in comparison the lumen on the right ventricle which is crescent shaped. The pulmonary veins from each lung carry oxygenated blood back to the left atria and this passes to the left ventricle valve into the left ventricle which is then pumped to the aorta. 3)  Describe the four stages that make up on single heartbeat    A cardiac cycle is one heartbeat. In each cycle the atria and ventricles alternately contract and relax. This forces blood from an area of high pressure to low pressure. As a chamber of the heart contracts, the blood pressure increases, when cardiac muscle contracts this also causes blood pressure to increase and the blood is then forced out of the atria to the ventricles. Each heartbeat creates 75cm3 of blood, this has to be pumped from each ventricle and this is the stroke volume. Each cardiac cycle takes approx. 0.8 seconds. The Sino atrial node (SAN) begins a single heartbeat. The Atrio ventricular node node picks up the signal and channels it down the middle of the ventricular septum through the cardiac muscle fibres (His). This signal then spreads throughout the wall of the ventricles through the Purkyne fibres and this stimulates the ventricles to contract, once they have filled with blood. Arterial systole begins when the SAN sends a message causing atrial depolarisation. This takes approx. 0.1 second. The atria begin contracting and during this time the ventricles are relaxed. As the atria fill with blood from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein, the atrium apply pressure to the blood they contain, forcing the blood through the open AV valves and into the ventricles. Once the atria have stopped contracting, the ventricles cease relaxation. Ventricular systole lasts approx. 0.3 seconds. This is the stage of ventricular contraction. The AVN picks up the signal from the SAN and conducts the impulses which causes depolarisation and stimulates the ventricles to contract, and forcing the blood upwards. This ventricular depolarisation begins ventricular systole. The pressure rises in the ventricles and blood is pushed up against the AV valves forcing them to close. The semi lunar valves are also closed and this is isovolumetric contraction. During this time the cardiac muscle fibres contract and apply force. The ventricular volume remains the same (isovolumic). The contraction of the ventricles causes pressure to rise at a heightened level. When the right ventricle pressure is above the pressure of the pulmonary trunk the semi lunar valves open and the ejection of blood from the heart begins. The pressure in the left ventricles continues to rise to approx. 120mmHg whereas the right ventricle is 25-30mmHg. The left ventricle passes around 70ml of blood into the aorta and the right ventricle ejects the equal amount to the pulmonary trunk. The volume that is remaining in the ventricles at the end of the systole is the end systolic volume (the stroke volume) Atrial Diastole lasts approx. 0.7 seconds, and is when the atria relax, this overlaps with other stages of the heartbeat. Whilst the ventricles are still in contraction, the atria begin to fill with blood from the vena cava and the pulmonary artery. The atria and the ventricles both have periods of relaxation however as the heart beat gets faster the relaxation period gets shorter. Ventricular Diastole is a relaxation period which lasts approx. 0.4 seconds. The ventricular depolarisation causes ventricular diastole. When the pressure in the chambers of the heart falls and the blood present in the aorta and pulmonary trunk flows back to regions of low pressure in the ventricles, the back flowing blood enters the valve cusps and closes the semi lunar valves. As the ventricles relax the pressure falls at a fast rate, when the pressure falls below that of the atrial pressure the atria fill will with blood and the blood flows from the atria to the ventricles which forces the AV valves to open again. 4)  If the Sino atrial node is stimulated it triggers a wave of contractions through the heart. How does that process ensure that the atria contract together and ventricles contract from the bottom upwards? The SAN signals spread across the walls of the atria causing a contraction. This signal does not pass directly to the ventricles ensuring that the ventricles do not contract as they are not filled with blood. The AVN picks up the impulses and channels them through the bundle of His. The signal is delayed slightly and then and then spreads through the walls of the ventricles. Once they are filled will blood the ventricles can then contract. The ventricles contract from the base upwards ensuring blood is forced up, forcing the AV valves to shut and the semi lunar valves to open. The blood leaves the heart out of the vessels at high pressure, leaving the chambers at the top of the heart with great speed. Why do the atria contract together? 5)  Ã‚  An athlete is training for a big competition   Part 1 The table (attached) shows the blood flow seen in the athlete’s body at rest and during training. Explain the distribution of blood before and after exercise in the organs listed. Part 2 b) Explain how an increase in carbon dioxide when exercising will increase the cardiac output and the rate of ventilation of the athlete    *A flow chart showing factors which effect blood flow during exercise Image ref: biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/COandMAPhtm.htm The volume of blood pumped by the heart is the stroke volume, on average 80cm3 is supplied at rest and this increases to 1100cm3 during exercise. During exercise the blood vessels in the muscles dilate as ATP is used up in the working muscles. The muscles work harder and respire faster, this causes more oxygen to be released from the red blood cells, creating a decrease in the partial pressure and creates products such as carbon dioxide are produced and diffuse from the muscle cells. This lowers the pH levels in the blood. The chemoreceptors detect this and the respiratory centre responds by increasing the heart rate and the ventilation rate. The capillaries to expand and dilate, as the blood flow increases and more oxygenated blood is supplied to the muscles that require it.   The gaseous exchange increases, decreasing the output of blood to other organs. Respiring cells in the tissues have a higher level of carbon dioxide concentration as the energy is being made, and this makes the haemoglobin release more oxygen. As the carbon dioxide rises the nervous impulses from the respiratory centre cause the diaphragm to contract increasing the rate of inspiration of air into the lungs. Prolonged periods of using the muscles increases the cardiac output and this increases the rate of ventilation,   the rate and force of the heart beat and this matches the body’s needs to bring more oxygen to the cells and remove more of the carbon dioxide that is being produced. The heart is pumping faster during exercise and therefore needs a higher level of blood supply to meet demand at a faster rate. During rest the heart is still working however not at such an intense level as during exercise. The brain is always supplied with the same amount of blood and is never starved regardless of the body’s activities. The muscles require more blood when they are working than when they are at rest. Therefore the organs which require oxygen are prioritised. The kidneys are not being worked harder during exercise and so the blood supply that they would receive when the body is at rest is higher than that when the body is exercising. The body supplies to meet demand and at the time of exercise, the muscles and the heart require the oxygen rather than the kidneys and other organs not involved in respiration. Once muscle contraction ceases the oxygen consumption remains above resting levels for a short period of time and this oxygen debt is the added oxygen that remains after the resting period. As the heart and muscles have been working harder, the body temperature increases due to the ATP which is being produced, the body pushes the blood to the surface of the skin surface increasing the diameter of the blood vessels carrying the blood. (Peripheral vasodilation) Part 2 a)  Ã‚  Calculate the change in cardiac output when the athlete trains Calculation At rest: 69 cm3 Divided by 1000 x 71 beats per min  Ã‚  Ã‚   = 4.89 lpm (litres per minute) During training 178 cm 3 divided by 1000 (0.178) x 162 beats per min = 28.8lpm (litres per min.) C)  Ã‚  What effect will exercise have on the athletes pulse rate and why? After exercise the pulse rate has an initial fall and then a slow return to its normal rate.   The resting pulse is 60 for a trained athlete. When exercise begins the oxygen demand is greater than the supply, therefore there is a build-up in the oxygen debt. The pulse rate and ventilation rate remains higher than normal after a period of exercise as extra oxygen is needed to replace ATP and carbon dioxide stores and oxidise the lactate acid which has accumulated as a bi product during exercise. The pulse rate increases as exercise starts and reaches a period of oxygen debt at around 90 to 150 there is then a plateau for around 5-6 minutes and then a drop at beginning resting to around 140 and then levels back to approx. 60 at complete rest. References Baker, M. Indge, B. Rowland, M. (2001) Further Studies in Biology. Cambridge:   Hodder and Staughton Blood Gas transport, New human physiology [online] Available from: zuniv.net/physiology/book/chapter15.html [accessed 19/4/2011] Boyle, M. Senior, K (2008) Human Biology Third Edition Hammersmith:   Harper Collins Ltd Cardiac output and blood pressure, Biological Sciences, Biomed 108, Human physiology [online] available from: biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/COandMAPhtm.htm [accessed 22/4/2011] Hanson, M. (1999) Perspectives in advanced Biology, Cambridge,:   Hodder and Staughton Tortora, G, J. Derrickson, B, H., 12th edition, (2009) Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, maintenance and continuity of the human body, Volume 1 (s.l.): John Wiley Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd Tortora, G, J. Derrickson, B, H., 12th edition, (2009) Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, maintenance and continuity of the human body, Volume 2 (s.l.): John Wiley Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd Waugh, A. Grant, A., 11th edition, (2010) Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in health and illness. (s.l): Churchill Livingston Elsevier

Ferdinand Foch - World War I - French Army

Ferdinand Foch - World War I - French Army Marshal Ferdinand Foch was a noted French commander during World War I. Having entered the French Army during the Franco-Prussian War, he remained in the service after the French defeat and was identified as one of the nations best military minds. With the beginning World War I, he played a key role in the First Battle of the Marne and soon rose to army command. Demonstrating an ability to work with the forces from other Allied nations, Foch proved an effective choice to serve as overall commander on the Western Front in March 1918. From this position he directed the defeat of the German Spring Offensives and the series of Allied offensives that ultimately led to the end of the conflict. Early Life Career Born October 2, 1851, at Tarbez, France, Ferdinand Foch was the son of a civil servant. After attending school locally, he entered the Jesuit College at St. Etienne. Resolving to seek a military career at an early age after being enthralled by stories of the Napoleonic Wars by his elder relatives, Foch enlisted in the French Army in 1870 during Franco-Prussian War. Following the French defeat the following year, he elected to remain in the service and began attending the Ècole Polytechnique. Completing his education three years later, he received a commission as a lieutenant in the 24th Artillery. Promoted to captain in 1885, Foch began taking classes at the Ècole Supà ©rieure de Guerre (War College). Graduating two years later, he proved to be one of the best military minds in his class. Fast Facts: Ferdinand Foch Rank: Marshal of FranceService: French ArmyBorn: October 2, 1851 in Tarbes, FranceDied: March 20, 1929 in Paris, FranceParents: Bertrand Jules Napolà ©on Foch and Sophie FochSpouse: Julie Anne Ursule Bienvenà ¼e (m. 1883)Children: Eugene Jules Germain Foch, Anne Marie Gabrielle Jeanne Fournier Foch, Marie Becourt, and Germain FochConflicts: Franco-Prussian War, World War IKnown For: Battle of the Frontiers, First Battle of the Marne, Battle of the Somme, Second Battle of the Marne, Meuse-Argonne Offensive Military Theorist After moving through various postings over the next decade, Foch was invited to return to the Ècole Supà ©rieure de Guerre as an instructor. In his lectures, he became one of the first to thoroughly analyze operations during the Napoleonic and Franco-Prussian Wars. Recognized as Frances most original military thinker of his generation, Foch was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1898. His lectures were later published as On the Principles of War (1903) and On the Conduct of War (1904). Though his teachings advocated for well-developed offensives and attacks, they were later misinterpreted and used to support those who believed in the cult of the offensive during the early days of World War I. Foch remained at the college until 1900, when political machinations saw him forced to return to a line regiment. Promoted to colonel in 1903, Foch became chief of staff for V Corps two years later. In 1907, Foch was elevated to brigadier general and, after brief service with the General Staff of the War Ministry, returned to the Ècole Supà ©rieure de Guerre as commandant. Remaining at the school for four years, he received a promotion to major general in 1911 and lieutenant general two years later. This last promotion brought him command of XX Corps which was stationed at Nancy. Foch was in this post when World War I began in August 1914. Part of General Vicomte de Curià ¨res de Castelnaus Second Army, XX Corps took part in the Battle of the Frontiers. Performing well despite the French defeat, Foch was selected by the French Commander-in-Chief, General Joseph Joffre, to lead the newly-formed Ninth Army. The Marne Race to the Sea Assuming command, Foch moved his men into a gap between the Fourth and Fifth Armies. Taking part in the First Battle of the Marne, Fochs troops halted several German attacks. During the fighting, he famously reported, Hard pressed on my right. My center is yielding. Impossible to maneuver. Situation excellent. I attack. Counterattacking, Foch pushed the Germans back across the Marne and liberated Chà ¢lons on September 12. With the Germans establishing a new position behind the Aisne River, both sides began the Race to the Sea with the hope of turning the others flank. To aid in coordinating French actions during this phase of the war, Joffre named Foch Assistant Commander-in-Chief on October 4 with responsibility for overseeing the northern French armies and working with the British. Northern Army Group In this role, Foch directed French forces during the First Battle of Ypres later that month. For his efforts, he received an honorary knighthood from King George V. As fighting continued into 1915, he oversaw French efforts during the Artois Offensive that fall. A failure, it gained little ground in exchange for a large number of casualties. In July 1916, Foch commanded French troops during the Battle of the Somme. Severely criticized for the heavy losses sustained by French forces during the course of the battle, Foch was removed from command in December. Sent to Senlis, he was charged with leading a planning group. With the ascent of General Philippe Pà ©tain to Commander-in-Chief in May 1917, Foch was recalled and made Chief of the General Staff. Supreme Commander of the Allied Armies In the fall of 1917, Foch received orders for Italy to aid in re-establishing their lines in the wake of the Battle of Caporetto. The following March, the Germans unleashed the first of their Spring Offensives. With their forces being driven back, Allied leaders met at Doullens on March 26, 1918, and appointed Foch to coordinate the Allied defense. A subsequent meeting at Beauvais in early April saw Foch receive the power to oversee the strategic direction of the war effort. Finally, on April 14, he was named Supreme Commander of the Allied Armies. Halting the Spring Offensives in bitter fighting, Foch was able to defeat the Germans last thrust at the Second Battle of the Marne that summer. For his efforts, he was made a Marshal of France on August 6. With the Germans checked, Foch began planning for a series offensives against the spent enemy. Coordinating with Allied commanders such as Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig and General John J. Pershing, he ordered as series of attacks which saw the Allies win clear victories at Amiens and St. Mihiel. In late September, Foch began operations against the Hindenburg Line as offensives began in Meuse-Argonne, Flanders, and Cambrai-St. Quentin. Forcing the Germans to retreat, these assaults ultimately shattered their resistance and led to Germany seeking an armistice. This was granted and the document was signed on Fochs train car in the Forest of Compià ¨gne on November 11. Postwar As peace negotiations moved forward at Versailles in early 1919, Foch argued extensively for the demilitarization and separation of the Rhineland from Germany, as he felt it offered an ideal springboard for future German attacks to the west. Angered by the final peace treaty, which he felt was a capitulation, he stated with great foresight that This is not peace. It is an armistice for 20 years. In the years immediately after the war, he offered assistance to the Poles during Great Poland Uprising and the 1920 Polish-Bolshevik War. In recognition, Foch was made a Marshal of Poland in 1923. As he had been made an honorary British Field Marshal in 1919, this distinction gave him the rank in three different countries. Fading in influence as the 1920s passed, Foch died on March 20, 1929 and was buried at Les Invalides in Paris.